After going through the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Fundamental Duties, let us look at the working of organisations and people who would be resposible to uphold those principles i.e, The Union and The State. Most of the provisons in the Part VI (The State) are simlar to that of Part V(The Unioun) and the only varition will be the words like Chife minister instead of Prime Minister, Governor instead of the President, Legislative Assembly instead of Lok Sabha(House of People), hence such provisons shall be visitied simultaniously in this post.
Part V, consists of Article (52) to Article (151), whereas Part VI extends fron Article (152) to (237)
Part V - The Union
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Part VI - The State
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Article
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Matter
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Article
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Matter
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152
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The word State in this part does not include Jammu and Kashmir.
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52
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There Shall be the President of India.
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153
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There Shall be the Governor of one or more states.
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53
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The executive power of the union is with the President, shall be exercised either directly or indirectly as per the constitution without prejudice. He is the supreme commander of the defense forces.
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154
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Executive power of the state is with the Governor, shall be exercised either directly or indirectly as per the constitution with out prejudice.
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54
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President elected by the electoral college consisting of all the elected members of parliament and legislative assemblies including that of NCR and Puducherry.
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155
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Governor is appointed by the President.
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55
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Value of a vote of an MLA = (State Population/Total Elected seats of assembly) x (1/1000). MP = (MLA/Total elected seats in parliament)
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56
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President will have a term of five years. He can resign writing to the Vice President and should also be addressed to Lok Sabha(LS) Speaker also. He can be removed for the violation of the constitution as per the article(61). He continues till the next candidate takes office.
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156
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Governor holds office during the pleasure of the president. He can resign by writing to the president. He has Aterm of five years and till his successor takes office.
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57
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The person who holds/held the office of president is subject to the constitution and is eligible for the reelection.
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58
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The person eligible to the post of president should be the citizen of India, above the age of 35, and should be qualified to be elected to the LS. He should not hold any office of government under any government(State/union)
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157
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Person eligible to the post of the governor should be the citizen of India, above the age of 35, and should be qualified to be elected to the LS. He should not hold any office of profit under any government(State/unioun)
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59
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President cannot be the member of either of the houses of parliament or any state legislative assembly. If he is, he should vacate it before he enters the office. Emoluments and privileges of the president are listed in the 2nd schedule. His salary is fixed by the parliament and cannot be altered to his disadvantage during his term.
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158
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Governor cannot be the member of either of the houses of parliament or any state legislative assembly. If he is, he should vacate it before he enters the office. Emoluments and privileges of the Governor are listed in the 2nd schedule. His salary is fixed by the parliament and cannot be altered to his disadvantage during his term. If he is governor for two or more states then the emoluments will be shared by both states proportionally.
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60
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Oath administered by CJI or any senior most judge of SC.
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159
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Oath administered by CJ of HC or any senior most judge of HC.
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61
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Impeachment can be moved against the president in either of the houses of the parliament. 14 days prior notice is required and backing of not less than 1/4th the members of the house. Should be passed by not less than the 2/3rd of the total membership of the house.
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160
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President makes provisions for the discharge of duties by the governor.
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62
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Elections should be held before the term of the incumbent expires. If the president dies while in the office or resigns, the elections should be conducted as soon as possible.
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63
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There shall be the Vice President(VP) of India
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64
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VP is the ex officio chairmen of the council of states(Rajya Sabha)(RS). He cannot be chairmen when acting as president.
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65
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VP act as the president in his absence and will have all the powers of a president.
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66
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VP is elected by the elected members of both the houses of parliament. Eligibility is the same as for the president except that VP should be qualified to be a member of ₹.
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67
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VP will have a term of five years. He can resign writing to the President. He can only be removed by the RS.
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68
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Elections should be held before the term of the incumbent expires.
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69
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VP shall take the oath before the president.
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70
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Parliament can make provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the president.
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71
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Introduced through 39th amendment 1975. All the questions relating to the election of president and VP will be enquired by the SC. If the election is declared void, the act done y him will NOT BE INVALIDATED.
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72
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President can grant pardons in a court Marshall, under the law of the union, and in cases of death sentences.
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161
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Governor can grant pardon to a person convicted as per the laws of the state.
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73
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The executive power of union shall extend up to the matter which parliament can make laws.
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162
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Executive power of the state shall extend up to the matter which state legislature can make laws.
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74
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Council of ministerswith PM at its head will aid and advice the president. President can ask the ministers to reconsider such advice. The advice given to the president cannot be questioned in the court.
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163
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Council of ministers with CM at its head will aid and advice the Governor. Governor can ask the ministers to reconsider such advice. The advice given to Governor cannot be questioned in the court.
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75
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PM is appointed by the president and other ministers are appointed on the advice of PM. Council of ministers cannot exceed 15% of LS. If a member is disqualified from the house, then he will be disqualified to be the minister. Minister hold the office during the pleasure of the president. Council of ministers is responsible to Lok Sabha. If not a member of either of the buses for 6 months, he ceases to be the minister. Salaries and allowance are determined by parliament in the 2nd schedule.
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164
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CM is appointed by the Governor and other ministers are appointed on the advice of CM. Council of ministers cannot exceed 15% of Legislative Assembly(LA) and not less than 12. If a member is disqualified from the house, then he will be disqualified to be the minister. Minister hold the office during the pleasure of the Governor. Council of ministers is responsible to LA. If not a member of either of the buses for 6 months, he ceases to be the minister. Salaries and allowance are determined by LA in the 2nd schedule.
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76
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Attorney General of India is appointed by the president. His remuneration is determined by the president. He should be qualified for the appointment of SC Judge. AG’s duty is to advise the GOI on the legal matters and other duties as assigned by the president. Will have right of audience in every court to India. Shall hold the office during the pleasure of the president.
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165
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Advocate General of State is appointed by the Governor. His remuneration is determined by the Governor. He should be qualified for the appointment of HC Judge. AG’s duty is to advise the State government on the legal matters and other duties as assigned by Governor. Will have the right to the audience in every court of India. Shall hold the office during the pleasure of the Governor.
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77
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All executive action of GOI takes place in name of the president. President shall make rules for the convenient transition of the business.
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166
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All executive action of state takes place in name of Governor. Governor shall make rules for the convenient transition of the business.
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78
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The duty of the PM is to communicate all Council of Minister's decision to the president.Similarly to communicate to the president about legislative and Administrative decisions.
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167
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Duty of the CM is to communicate all Council of Minister's decision to Governor. Similarly to communicate to the Governor about legislative and Administrative decisions.
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79
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Union will have Parliament consisting of President and 2 houses.
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168
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Andhra Pradesh, MP, MH, KA, UP, Telangana have legislative councils. Other states have only legislative Assembly.
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80
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RS shall consist of 12 MPs nominated by President of the persons having practical experience in literature, science, art and social services. Not more than 238 representatives from states and UTs on the basis of the provision of the 4th schedule shall be the members of the RS. State representatives will be elected by elected members of legislative assembly. UT representatives are elected as prescribed by Parliament.
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169
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Parliament can create or abolish councils when the resolution is passed by State Assemblies by the total majority and 2/3rd present. This will not come under Art (368)
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81
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LS shall consist of not more than 535 from states and 20 from UTs. Seats shall be accorded to the states in the ratio of population and so far as practicable to all states. This will not be changed until 2026. The first census after 2026 will be the basis of the next readjustment. As of now, 1971 census is taken as the basis. And 2001 census for intra state distribution.
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170
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MLAs should not be more than 500 and not less than 60.
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82
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After each census readjustment of constituencies can be made by the parliament.
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171
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Total strength of legislative councils shall exceed 1/3 rd of the Legislative assembly and not less than 40. 1/3rd of legislative council will be elected by members of municipalities, district boards, local bodies and others as specified by the parliament. 1/12th elected by the graduates. 1/12th by teachers. 1/3rd by MLAs and remaining nominated by the governor.
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83
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RS cannot be dissolved. Approximately 1/3rd of the house will retire every 2nd year. LS will continue to exist for 5 years unless there is an emergency in operation, then it can be extended by a period not exceeding one year at a time and not exceeding six months after expirations of emergency.
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172
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Legislative council cannot be dissolved. Approximately 1/3rd of the house will retire every 2nd year. LA will continue to exist for 5 years unless there is an emergency in operation, then it can be extended by a period not exceeding one year at a time and not exceeding six months after expirations of emergency.
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84
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To be an MP, he/ she should be the citizen of India, for RS he should be above 35 years and for LS he should be above 25 years. And the qualifications as prescribed by the law.
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173
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To be an MLA/MLC, he/ she should be the citizen of India, for MLC he should be above 35 years and for MLA he should be above 25 years. And the qualifications as prescribed by the law.
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85
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President can summon the house as he thinks fit. There should not be a gap of more than 6 months. President can either prorogue the house or dissolve the LS.
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174
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Governor can summon the house as he thinks fit. There should not be a gap of more than 6 months. Governor can either prorogue the house or dissolve the LA.
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86
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President can address either or both the houses. He can send messages to the parliament on any bill or a matter to be discussed.
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175
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Governor can address either or both the houses. He can send messages to the assembly on any bill or a matter to be discussed.
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87
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President will address both the houses at the first session of the new LS and the first session of each year.
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176
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Governor will address both the houses at the first session of the new LA and first session of each year.
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88
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Every minister and Attorney General can take part in the proceedings of both the houses but cannot vote.
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177
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Every minister and Advocate General can take part in the proceedings of both the houses but cannot vote.
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89
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VP is the ex officio chairmen of the RS. RS choses deputy chairmen.
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182
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Council will choose the chairmen and deputy chair.
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90
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Deputy chairmen will vacate the office if he is not the member of RS. He ca resign writing to the chairmen. He can be removed by a majority of the house on the resolution notifies before 14 days.
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183
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Chairmen/Deputy chairmen will vacate the office if he is not the member of the council.
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91
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If VP is acting as president then his duties in RS are performed by Deputy chairmen. If a deputy is also absent president will appoint someone from the house.
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184
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If the chair is absent then his duties in council are performed by Deputy chairmen. If a deputy is also absent governor will appoint someone from the house.
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92
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If a resolution for the removal of VP or Dep. Chair is in consideration then they cannot chair that session.
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185
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If a resolution for the removal of Chair or Dep. Chair is in consideration then they cannot chair that session.
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93
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LS chooses two members as Speaker and Deputy speaker.
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178
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LA chooses two members as Speaker and Deputy speaker.
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94
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The speaker should be a member of LS and can resign writing to the deputy speaker. Speaker will remain in the position until before the commencement of next session of LS.
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179
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Speaker should be a member of LA and can resign writing to the deputy speaker.Speaker will remain in the position until before the commencement of next session of LA.
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95
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Deputy speaker performs the duty of the speaker in his absence.
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180
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Deputy speaker performs the duty of the speaker in his absence.
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96
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Same as Art (92)
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181
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Same as Art (185)
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97
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Salaries of Chair, Dep. Chair, speaker, and Dep. Speaker are fixed by parliament in the 2nd schedule.
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186
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Salaries of Chair, Dep. Chair, speaker, and Dep. Speaker are fixed by the assembly in the 2nd schedule.
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98
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Each house will have separate sectorial staff. Posts common to both the houses can be created. Parliament can regulate the recruitment. Until the house makes the provisions, the president can make appointments in consultation with speaker or chairmen.
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187
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Each house will have separate sectorial staff. Posts common to both the houses can be created. Assembly can regulate the recruitment. Until the house makes the provisions, the governor can make appointments in consultation with speaker or chairmen.
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99
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Every member shall take an oath before taking his seat, before the president or a person appointed by him.
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188
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Every member shall take an oath before taking his seat, before the governor or a person appointed by him.
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100
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All questions in both the houses will be decided by a majority of votes of all members other than the chair. The chair can vote in case of a tie. Until parliament makes laws, the quorum of the house is 1/10th of total strength in house. If no quorum, then the chair can adjourn the house.
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189
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All questions in both the houses will be decided by a majority of votes of all members other than the chair. The chair can vote in case of a tie. Until the house makes laws, the quorum of the house is 1/10th of total strength in house. If no quorum, then the chair can adjourn the house.
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101
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No member can be a member of both the houses, he should vacate one or the other. Same applies to the parliament and the state legislature. Absence for 60 days without permission, the house can declare the seat vacant.
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190
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No member can be a member of both the houses, he should vacate one or the other. Same applies to the parliament and the state legislature. Absence for 60 days without permission, the house can declare the seat vacant.
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102
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A person will be disqualified to be chosen to the house if he is not the citizen of India, holding the office of profit, Unsound mind or disqualified by any law of parliament.
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191
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A person will be disqualified to be chosen to the house if he is not the citizen of India, holding the office of profit, Unsound mind or disqualified by any law of parliament.
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103
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Decision of president is final in case of the article (102) on the advice of Election commission.
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192
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Decision of Governor is final in case of the article (191) on the advice of Election commission.
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104
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If a disqualified person or a person who did not take oath under (99) takes part in the proceedings of the house. Then he is liable to pay a fine of ₹500.
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193
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If a disqualified person or a person who did not take oath under (188) takes part in the proceedings of the house. Then he is liable to pay a fine of ₹500.
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105
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Powers and privileges of the MPs include freedom of speech in parliament. MPs are not liable in a court of law for anything said or voted in parliament. Assembly can define the power privileges and immunities of the members.
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194
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Powers and privileges of the MLAs include freedom of speech in parliament. MLAs are not liable in a court law for anything said or voted in Assembly. Assembly can define the power privileges and immunities of the members.
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106
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Parliament decides the salaries and allowances of members.
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195
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Assembly decides the salaries and allowances of members.
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107
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Introduction And passing of bills: Bill may originate in either of the houses. It is deemed to be passed only if both the houses pass it with or without amendments. The pending bill will not lapse due to the prorogation of the house. A bill passed by RS and pending in LS will not lapse on the dissolution of LS. A bill passed by LS and pending in RS will lapse on the dissolution of LS.
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196
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Introduction And passing of bills : Bill may originate in either of the houses. It is deemed to be passed only if both the houses pass it with or without amendments. The pending bill will not lapse due to the prorogation of the house. A bill passed by council and pending in LA will not lapse on a dissolution of LA. A bill passed by LA and pending in council will lapse on the dissolution of LA.
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108
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President can summon can Joint sitting if a bill has been passed by one and rejected by another house (or) houses disagreed on amendments or 6 months have been elapsed after the reveal of the bill by the other house. These provisions do not apply for the money bill.
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197
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No provision of the joint session, but if the bill is not passed in 3 months or returned to LA and LA passes it again, then the bill is deemed to be passed.
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109
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Special procedure in case of Money Bills: Money Bill cant be introduced in RS. After LS passes money bill and sent to RS, RS can only recommend amendments in 14 days, which may or may not be accepted by LS.
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198
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Special procedure in case of Money Bills : Money Bill cant be introduced in Council. After LA passes money bill and sent to Council, Council can only recommend amendments in 14 days, which may or may not be accepted by LA.
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110
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A bill is money bill if it contains : Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration of any tax, borrowing money or giving of grants by GOI or law amendment with respect to financial obligations, custody of consolidated and contingency funds or payment or withdrawal from state funds, Appropriation of money from consolidated fund, expenditures charges on consolidated fund, imposition of fines. Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration of any tax by a local body does not come under Money Bill. Speaker shall decide if a bill is Money bill or not if the question is raised.
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199
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A bill is money bill if it contains: Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration of any tax, borrowing money or giving of grants by state govt. or law amendment with respect to financial obligations, custody of consolidated and contingency funds or payment or withdrawal from state funds, Appropriation of money from the consolidated fund, expenditures charges on consolidated fund, imposition of fines. Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration of any tax by a local body does not come under Money Bill. Speaker shall decide if a bill is Money bill or not if the question is raised.
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111
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Assent to the bill: After the bill is passed by both the houses of parliament it is set to the president - he may approve it or send it back for reconsideration. If the bill is passed again then the president has to approve it.
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200
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Assent to the bill: After the bill is passed by both the houses of state legislature, the governor can approve it or withhold or reserve for the president.
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201
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President can approve or withhold or return the bill reserved for him.
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112
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Annual Financial Statement(Budget) : President will lay budget for that year before both the houses of the parliament. The statement shall show the expenditure and charges on consolidated fund of India. Expenditures charged on consolidated fund of India are Emoluments And allowance of the president, chai, deep chair, Speaker and deep speaker. Liabilities of GOI, like interest, expenditure to raise loans etc., Salaries allowances of SC judges, “pension” of HC judges. Salary, allowance, and pension of Comptroller and auditor general, sums required to satisfy any judgment by any court. Any other expenditure charged as per the constitution.
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202
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Annual Financial Statement(Budget) : Governor will lay budget for that year before both the houses of the parliament. The statement shall show the expenditure and charges on consolidated fund of India. Expenditures charged on consolidated fund of India are Emoluments And allowance of Governor, chai, deep chair, Speaker, and deep speaker. Liabilities of state, like interest, expenditure to raise loans etc., “Salaries” of HC judges. Salary, allowance, and pension of Comptroller and auditor general, sums required to satisfy any judgment by any court. Any other expenditure charged as per the constitution.
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113
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Expenditure charged on the consolidated fund will not be subject to voting but can be discussed in parliament. No demands for grants except on the recommendation of the president can be made. Parliament(LS) should approve the grant.
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203
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Expenditure charged on the consolidated fund will not be subject to voting but can be discussed in assembly. No demands for grants except on the recommendation of Governor can be made. Assembly(LA) should approve the grant.
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114
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No money can be withdrawn from the consolidated fund unless under the law passed by the parliament.
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204
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No money can be withdrawn from the consolidated fund unless under the law passed by the Assembly.
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115
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If excess of money is spent, it should be laid before the parliament.
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205
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If excess of money is spent, it should be laid before the Assembly.
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116
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Parliament can make advance grants, grants for unexpected expenses, exceptional grants etc.,
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206
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Assembly can make advance grants, grants for unexpected expenses, exceptional grants etc.,
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117
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Money bills and expenditure form the consolidated funds can only be introduced in LS on the recommendation of the president.
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207
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Money bills and expenditure form the consolidated funds can only be introduced in LA on the recommendation of the governor.
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118
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Each house of parliament can make rules about the conduct of its business. President will make rules for the joint sitting in consultation with the speaker. LS speaker will chair the joint sitting.
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208
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Each house of the assembly can make rules about the conduct of its business.
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119
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Parliament will make laws related to the transaction of business regarding the financial bills or for the bill for the appropriation of moneys out of consolidated fund.
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209
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Assembly will make laws related to the transaction of business regarding the financial bills or for the bill for the appropriation of moneys out of consolidated fund.
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120
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Hindi or English will be used in proceeding of the house. If a member cannot express in English or hindi, he can use his mother tongue with speaker’s permission.
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210
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Official language of the state or Hindi or English can be used in proceedings of the house.
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121
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No discussion in parliament can take place about an SC judge or any HC judge unless the motion for their removal is under consideration.
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211
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No discussion in parliament can take place about an SC judge or any HC judge on discharge of his duties.
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122
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Validity of any proceeding cannot be questioned on the ground of alleged irregularities of procedure. No office of parliament, responsible for regulating procedure or the conduct of business or maintaining order of house cannot be subject to jurisdiction of any court.
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212
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Validity of any proceeding cannot be questioned on the ground of alleged irregularities of procedure. No office of assembly, responsible for regulating procedure or the conduct of business or maintaining order of house cannot be subject to jurisdiction of any court.
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123
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Legislative powers of the president: except when both the houses are in session, the president can promulgate an ordinance. The ordinance shall have the same force as an act of parliament. Should be laid before both the houses of parliament, before the expiration of 6 weeks after commencement of the houses. It also becomes void if resolutions disapproving it are passed by both the houses. The ordinance can be withdrawn any time by the president. If both houses are in session at a different time, then the commencement of the later will be taken into account. The ordinance can only be limited to the powers of the parliament.
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213
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Legislative powers of the Governor: except when both the houses are in session, the governor can promulgate an ordinance. The ordinance shall have the same force as an act of assembly. Should be laid before both the houses, before the expiration of 6 weeks after commencement of the houses. It also becomes void if resolutions disapproving it are passed by both the houses. The ordinance can be withdrawn any time by the governor. If both houses are in session at a different time, then the commencement of the later will be taken into account. The ordinance can only be limited to the powers of the state lgislature.
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124
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Supreme Court of India (SC) will consist of CJI and until parliament prescribes a larger number, of not more than 7 judges.(at present it is 25)
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214
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High court will be for each state or for two or more states.
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SC Judge will be appointed by the president after consulting judges of SC & HC.
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216
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Every HC will consist of Chief justice of HC and other judges by the president.
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Holds office till the age of 65. SC Judge should be a citizen of India and should have worked for at least 5 years as a judge in any HC or advocate of HC for at least 10 years or can be a distinguished jurist in president’s opinion. The judge may write to the president to resign. Removal of SC judge: can only be done by a presidential order passed after an address by both the houses with a majority of total membership of the house and 2/3rd of total present.
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217
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Every judge is appointed by the president after consulting governor and CJI. Holds office till the age of 62. HC judge should have held judicial office for 10 years or 10 years as an advocate of HC. Same removal procedure as in (124)
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Once a person is SC judge he cannot act or plead in any court of India
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220
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Once a person is HC judge he cannot act or plead in any court of India
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SC judge takes an oath before the president.
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219
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HC judge takes an oath before the Governor.
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125
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Salaries and allowance of the judges are decided by the parliament and cannot be changed to his disadvantage after his appointment.
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221
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Salaries and allowance of the judges are decided by the parliament and cannot be changed to his disadvantage after his appointment.
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222
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President after consulting CJI can transfer a judge from one HC to other HC.
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126
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Acting CJI: If CJI is absent due to any reason, other SC judge will be appointed by the president will perform his job.
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223
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Acting CJ: If CJ is absent due to any reason, other HC judge will be appointed by the president will perform his job.
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127
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Ad Hoc Judges: If there’s no quorum to run a session CJI can appoint a judge from HC with prior permission of president and CJ of HC. Such a judge should be qualified for the appointment of SC Judge.
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224
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If no quorum for the sitting of HC to continue, president, can appoint duly qualified persons to be addition/acting judges for such period not exceeding two years.
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128
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CJI can at any time call persons, who held the position of SC judge or CJ of HC previously to act as a judge with his consent and president’s prior approval.
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CJ of HC can at any time call persons, who held the position of SC judge or CJ of HC previously to act as a judge with his consent and president’s prior approval.
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129
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SC is a court of records and shall have the power to punish for contempt of itself.
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215
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HC is a court of records and shall have the power to punish for contempt of itself.
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130
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SC will sit in Delhi or any other place as CJI thinks fit with the approval of the president.
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131
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SC will have original and exclusive jurisdiction in disputes between : GOI and one or more states, two or more states, GOI and states Vs other states
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226
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Nothing in article 32 will stop HC’s power through out the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction to issue to any person/authority the writs. The power given to HC under this article is not to be in derogation of the power conferred on SC.
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131 A
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SC has exclusive jurisdiction in regard to the question on the constitutional validity of central laws.
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132
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SC is the highest court of appeal on any order given by the HC in civilian cases.
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227
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HC will have superintendence over courts and tribunals inits territory. HC will issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating the practice and proceeding of such lower courts.
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133
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Appeal shall lie with SC on HC’s order(under article 134 A) if the matter contains question of law of general importance and if HC thinks that the question should be addressed by SC
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228
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Same as 133 except that appeal shall lie with HC one rate orders of subordinate courts.
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134
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SC is the highest court of appeal on any order given by the HC in criminal cases. Any HC can issue a certificate of appeal after its final order whether on its own or on request of the petitioner.
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135
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Until parliament by law provides, SC will have jurisdiction over all maters not mentions in (133) And (134).
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136
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SC can grant special leave from any matter or order passed by any court in India
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137
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SC has the power of judicial review of the laws made by parliament under article 145.
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138
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SC will have jurisdiction over matters of union list or on the state list that is managed by the center with the agreement.
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139
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Parliament by law can give powers to SC to issue orders and on the matters that are not mentioned in the article (32)
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139 A
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SC can transfer to itself the cases pending at different HCs.
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140
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Parliament can give more powers to SC that are not mentioned in the constitution.
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230
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Parliament can give more powers to HC that are not mentioned in the constitution.
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141
|
Law declared by HC will be binding on all courts of India.
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231
|
Parliament can establish a common high court for two or more states.
|
142
|
SC can order necessary steps for doing complete justice in any case pending before it.
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143
|
President can seek SC’s opinion on matters if he thinks required.
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144
|
All civil and judicial authorities shall act in aid of SC.
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145
|
Subject to the laws made by the parliament, SC can with prior permission of the president make rules for its practice and proceedings.
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146
|
Appointment of officers and servants of SC shall be made by CJI. Payments to those appointees are charged on consolidated fund. Fees and money was taken by court form the part of the Consolidated Fund.
|
229
|
Appointment of officers and servants of SC shall be made by CJ of HC. Payments to those appointees are charged on consolidated fund. Fees and money taken by court form the part of the Consolidated Fund.
|
148
|
Comptroller and Auditor General: CAG shall be appointed by President and can be removed as SC judge. Take oath before the president. Salary and allowances decided by parliament and cannot be changed to his disadvantage during his tenure. As per the laws of parliament, the president will prescribe rules on the working of Indian Audit and Accounts department in consultation with CAG. Expenses of CAG office is charged on Consolidated Fund of India.
|
233
|
Subordinate Courts: Appointment and promotion of district judges shall be made by the governor in consultation with HC. A person not employed in Union /state is only appointed as judge and not less than 7 years as an advocate.
|
149
|
Duties and powers of CAG: He will audit the account of union and states by the laws made by the parliament.
|
234
|
Appointment of persons to judicial service other than Districts Judges will be made by the governor in consolation with state PSC and HC.
|
150
|
Account of Union and state should be maintained in the form of as prescribed by the president on the advice of CAG.
|
235
|
The control of district and subordinate including promotion and posting lies with HC.
|
151
|
Union CAG reports are submitted to the president, who will lay them before parliament. State reports are submitted to the governor who lays them before parliament.
|
236
|
District Judge: Judge of City civil court, Additional District Judge, joint district judge, Assistant district judge, Chief judge of a small cause court, chief presiding magistrate, additional chief presiding magistrate, sessions judge, additional session judge, assistant sessions judge.
|
237
|
Application of the provisions of this chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.
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